ABSTRACT. This study aimed to evaluate the intake and milk yield of crossbred cows (Holstein x Zebu), under two management strategies, based on 95% light interception and fixed days. Eight lactating cows with body weight of 466 kg (± 35 kg) and lactation stage of 137 days (± 107 days) were used, four animals were assigned to each treatment. Dry matter intake was estimated indirectly, using neutral detergent insoluble fiber as internal indicator and chromium oxide as external indicator. This was a completely randomized design, with four replications, two grazing strategies and three days of occupation. The animals under light management showed dry matter intake on the first day (11.42 kg) similar to the second day (9.57 kg), and this was similar to the third day (7.06 kg), but the intake on the first day was greater than on the third day. On the fixed days, intake did not differ between the first and second day (12.05 and 11.47 kg, respectively), and intake of the third day (6.70 kg) was lower than in the first two days. The dry matter intake in relation to the body weight of the animals presented similar results to the dry matter intake of forage in kilos, which can be explained by the small difference in weight between the mean of the groups. The individual milk yield showed a similar behavior among the grazing strategies for the days of occupation, which increased from the first to the second day (12.49 to 13.88 kg) and decreased from the second to the third day (12.20 kg). Grazing management strategies did not promote differences in the performance traits of lactating cows. The day of grazing during the period of occupation can be decisive for intake and production.

RESUMO. Avaliou-se o crescimento de três leguminosas forrageiras tropicais em dois sistemas de cultivo: sistema silvipastoril (SSP) e pleno sol. Foi adotado um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial com três leguminosas (estilosanthes cv. Campo Grande (Stylosanthes macrocephala x Stylozanthes capitata), kudzu tropical (Pueraria Phaseoloides) e macrotiloma Macrotyloma axillare)) x dois sistemas de cultivo, com quatro repetições. Foi utilizado um SSP de eucalipto já implantado, com arranjo espacial de 12 x 2 m entre árvores. As leguminosas foram plantadas em janeiro de 2014, sendo feito um corte de uniformização em maio de 2014. O corte de avaliação foi realizado 125 dias após o corte de uniformização. Observou-se diferença para produção de massa de matéria seca de leguminosa (PMMSL) entre os sistemas de cultivo, sendo evidenciada maior produtividade no cultivo a pleno sol. O macrotiloma apresentou maior PMSL (5,29 kg de MS ha-1 corte-1), enquanto o kudzu obteve a menor produtividade (3,42 kg MS ha-1 corte-1) no cultivo a sol pleno. O cultivo de leguminosas no SSP incrementou os teores de matéria mineral, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro. O sombreamento proporcionado pelo SSP acarretou redução na produção de massa de matéria seca, como também, alterou a composição bromatológica das leguminosas estudadas.

ABSTRACT. Growth was evaluated three tropical forage legumes in two cropping systems: silvopastoral system (SSP) and full sun. A completely randomized design was adopted in factorial three legumes (estilosanthes cv. Campo Grande (Stylozanthes macrocephala x Stylozanthes capitata), tropical kudzu (Pueraria phaseoloides (Roxb.) Benth) and macrotiloma (Macrotyloma axillare cv. Java)) x two farming systems, with 4 repetitions. A eucalyptus SSP already deployed, with spatial arrangement of 12 x 2 m between trees was used. Legumes were planted in January 2014 a uniform cut being made in May 2014. The court assessment was carried out 125 days after the uniformity cut. There was difference for mass production of dry legumes (PMMSL) between cultivation systems, evidencing increased productivity in the farming full sun. The macrotiloma showed higher PMSL (5.29 kg DM ha-1 cut-1), while the kudzu obtained the lowest yield (3.42 kg DM ha-1 cut-1) in the sun growing full. The cultivation of legumes in SSP increased the levels of mineral matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber. The shade provided by the SSP caused a reduction in the mass of dry matter production, but also altered the chemical composition of the studied legumes.

RESUMO: Os sistemas silvipastoris têm sido sugeridos como alternativa para recuperação de pastagens em regiões tropicais. Entretanto, as árvores reduzem a disponibilidade de radiação para o pasto, o que pode influenciar no crescimento e acúmulo de forragem. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a morfogênese, a estrutura do dossel e o acúmulo de forragem de Brachiaria decumbens , submetida a três regimes de luz (0, 20 e 70% de sombreamento natural) e dois níveis de fertilização (presença ou ausência de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio). As taxas de alongamento de folhas e colmos aumentaram com o sombreamento, mas não variaram com a fertilização. A taxa de aparecimento de folhas foi maior com a fertilização, mas, em geral, foi semelhante entre os níveis de sombra. A densidade de perfilhos foi maior no sol pleno e menor na sombra intensa. A densidade de perfilhos respondeu à fertilização sob sol pleno e sombra moderada. O acúmulo de forragem aumentou 42% com a fertilização no sol pleno, 12% na sombra moderada e não variou na sombra intensa. Os resultados mostraram que, mesmo com uso de fertilização, o acúmulo de forragem foi limitado pela redução de luz. Em condições de sombra moderada, a fertilização foi importante para aumentar a população de perfilhos ao longo dos ciclos de crescimento.

ABSTRACT: The silvopastoral system has been suggested as an alternative to recover degraded pastures in tropical regions. However, trees reduce the light available for pastures, which may affect the growth and herbage accumulation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the morphogenesis, canopy structure and herbage accumulation of signalgrass ( Brachiaria decumbens ) subjected to three light regimes (0, 20 and 70% of natural shading) and two fertilization levels (presence or absence of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). Leaf and stem elongation rates increased under shading but did not vary with fertilization. The leaf appearance rate was greater under fertilizer treatment but was generally similar among light regimes. The tiller density was greater in full sun and lower in intense shading. Tiller density responded to fertilization under full sun and moderate shading. Herbage accumulation increased by 42% with fertilization under full sun, 12% under moderate shading and did not vary under intense shading. Results showed that even under fertilization the herbage accumulation was limited by reduced light. However, under moderate shade the fertilization was important to raise tiller population over the growth cycles.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência de diferentes arranjos espaciais de árvores ((3×2)×20 m, (2×2)×9 m e 9×2 m) e locais de amostragem (centro e lateral da entrelinha) na quantidade e qualidade de luz no sub-bosque de sistemas silvipastoris e seus efeitos na produção e composição bromatológica da pastagem. O delineamento utilizado foi blocos casualizados em parcelas subdivididas, com três repetições. O local de amostragem influenciou a irradiância absoluta, a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa incidente (RFAi), interceptação luminosa (IL) e relação vermelho/vermelho distante, sendo determinados maiores valores no centro das entrelinhas. Observou-se correlações altas e positivas entre IL/índice de área foliar (IAF), IL/produção de massa seca (PMS) e IAF/PMS no centro e IL/IAF e RFAi/PMS na lateral das entrelinhas. O arranjos espaciais (3×2)×20 m apresentaram maiores valores para altura da planta (AP), PMS e teor de fibra em detergente neutro, enquanto o (2×2)×9 m apresentou maiores valores para relação folha:colmo e teor de proteína bruta. Quanto ao local de amostragem, os maiores valores de AP e PMS foram observados no centro. A composição da forragem não foi influenciada pelos locais de amostragem. A maior PMS foi obtida no arranjo (3×2)×20 m e melhorias na composição da forragem foram observados nos arranjos mais adensados.

The aim was to evaluate the influence of different spatial arrangements of trees [(3×2)×20 m, (2×2)×9 m and 2×9 m] and sampling sites (center of row spacing and side of tree rows) with regard to the amount and quality of light in the understory of silvopastoral systems and their effects on the production and chemical composition of pasture. The experimental design was a randomized block in a split plot, with three replications. The sampling site affected absolute irradiance, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), light interception (LI) and red/far red ratio, with higher rates in the center of spacing. There were high and positive correlations between LI/leaf area index (LAI), LI/dry mater (DM) and LAI/DM in the center and LI/LAI and FAR/DM in the side of tree rows. Spatial arrangement (3×2)×20 m had higher rates for plant height (PH), DM and neutral detergent fiber rate, while (2×2)×9 m had high leaf/stem ratio and crude protein rate. In the case of the sampling site, higher rates of PH and DM were reported in the center. Forage composition was not affected by sampling sites. Highest production of DM was obtained in the (3×2)×20 m arrangement and improvements in forage composition were observed in denser arrangements.

O objetivo deste ensaio foi determinar equações que indiretamente associem os valores obtidos no medidor de clorofila SPAD-502 aos teores de clorofila e carotenóides de genótipos de capim-elefante anão. Folhas de genótipos de capim-elefante anão foram utilizadas e, depois de coletadas, foram transportadas em caixas de isopor, protegidas da luz, até o laboratório de Fisiologia Vegetal da UENF. Posteriormente, os discos foliares de área conhecida foram extraídos. Com o auxílio do medidor portátil de clorofila (MPC) SPAD-502, foi obtida a média de 5 leituras/disco foliar e utilizaram-se 6 discos para cada intervalo, distribuídos de acordo com a seguinte escala de valores do MPC: 0-10; 10-20; 20-30; 30-40; 40-50; 50-60. O medidor de clorofila SPAD-502 possibilitou uma rápida e eficaz estimativa do conteúdo de clorofila total, clorofila-a e clorofila-b em genótipos de capim-elefante anão.

Equations that indirectly associate the rates obtained by chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 to chlorophyll and carotenoids rates of dwarf elephant grass genotype are provided. Leaves of the genotype of dwarf elephant grass were employed. After being collected, they were transported in light-protected styrofoam boxes to the Plant Physiology Laboratory of UENF. Leaf discs of the known area were then extracted. An average of 5 readings/leaf disc were undertaken by portable chlorophyll meter SPAD-502, with 6 discs for each range and distributed according to the following scale: 0-10; 10-20; 20-30; 30-40; 40-50; 50-60. Chlorophyll meter SPAD-502 provides a quick and efficient estimate of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll-a and chlorophyll-b in genotypes of dwarf elephant grass.

The present study was carried out with the objective to evaluate the productive and qualitative characteristics of forages produced in systems of intercropping of corn, brachiaria grass and different leguminous plants. Productivity, bromatological composition and the fermentative profile of the silages from the following treatments were evaluated: corn in exclusive cultivation (CEC); intercropping of corn with brachiaria grass (CB); intercropping of corn, brachiaria grass and Calopogonium mucunoides (CBCal); intercropping of corn, brachiaria grass and Macrotyloma axillare (CBMac); and intercropping of corn, brachiaria grass and Stylozanthes capitata (CBSty). The experimental design utilized was completely randomized. For each type of cultivation, five plots or replications of three linear meters were harvested, and the material was separated. The variables assessed were: dry matter productivity per area; dry matter productivity of corn per area; crude protein production per area and productivity of total digestible nutrients per area. The material originated from the cultures was ensiled, with dry matter between 28 and 32%. After, the material was placed and compacted appropriately in bucket silos. A sample was collected from each replication for determination of the contents of DM, crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), lignin, neutral and acid detergent fibers (NDF and ADF) and TDN. A fraction of the sample of silages from each treatment was compressed for extraction of the juice and determination of the silage quality. There was difference between the forms of cultivation for the dry matter production per hectare. The CEC with production of 11920.1 kg DM/ha did not differ from CB (8997.41 kg DM/ha) or CBCal (10452.10 kg DM/ha); however, it was superior to CBMac (8429.75 kg DM/ha) and to CBSty (8164.83 kg DM/ha). The contents of DM, CP, NDF, ADF, lignin and TDN did not differ between the silages from the different treatments. All the silages presented good quality with good fermentation patterns.

Avaliou-se o efeito da aplicação de doses de nitrogênio associado ao potássio, em quatro idades de rebrota, sobre o índice de área foliar (IAF), produção de matéria seca (MS), teores de proteína bruta (PB) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e relação folha/colmo (F/C) de Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick. Foram testadas as seguintes doses de nitrogênio (N), na forma de uréia agrícola, e de potássio (K2O), na forma de cloreto de K, em kg/ha/ano: 0 de N + 100 de K2O; 100 de N + 100 de K2O; 200 de N + 200 de K2O e 400 de N + 400 de K2O. As aplicações foram feitas em quantidades equivalentes a 1/6 do total anual (parceladas em 6 vezes), para melhorar a eficiência da fertilização. Os resultados demonstraram efeito significativo para as idades de rebrota e adubação na produção de MS. Não foi observado efeito (P>0,05) sobre os teores de FDN em resposta aos tratamentos estudados. As variáveis relação F/C, PB e IAF foram influenciadas (P<0,05) pelas idades de rebrota da gramínea estudada.

The effect of levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization associated with potassium (K2O) and four growth intervals on the dry matter (DM) production, levels of crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), leaf/stem (L/S) ratio and leaf area index (LAI) of Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick were studied. The following doses of N were tested, as agricultural urea, and K2O, as potassium chloride, in kg/ha/year: 0 of N + 100 of K2O; 100 of N + 100 of K2O; 200 of N + 200 of K2O and 400 of N + 400 of K2O. The applications were in equivalent amounts of 1/6 of the annual total (in 6 parcels) to improve the efficiency of fertilization. We observed a significant effect of the fertilization levels and cutting ages on DM production. The effect of fertilization rates and growth intervals did not affect the NDF content of the grass (P>0.05), but CP content, LAI and L/S ratio were influenced by growth intervals (P<0.05).

Devido à falta de informações relacionadas à adubação de plantas forrageiras para a produção de sementes, nota-se a necessidade de se estudar a influência de doses de nutrientes que proporcionem aumento de produtividade e obtenção de sementes de melhor qualidade. Foram realizados dois experimentos com o objetivo de verificar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio e fósforo e de doses de nitrogênio e potássio sobre a produção e qualidade de sementes de Brachiaria humidicola (Rendle) Schweick. Em ambos, o delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso em esquema fatorial, com quatro repetições, sendo no primeiro experimento: quatro doses de nitrogênio (0, 100, 200 e 400 Kg/ha) e quatro doses de potássio (0, 100, 200 e 400 Kg/ha) e no segundo: três doses de nitrogênio (0, 100 e 200 Kg/ha) e três doses de fósforo (0, 50 e 75 Kg/ha) A colheita das sementes ocorreu 24 dias após início da emergência das inflorescências (de 5 a 10 inflorescências/m²). As sementes foram pesadas e contadas. Os resultados evidenciaram o efeito (P<0,05) da adubação nitrogenada na produção, tanto em peso quanto em número, e na germinação das sementes, porém a adubação com fósforo e potássio não tiveram efeito sobre a produção e qualidade das sementes.

There exists a lack of information about the fertilization of forages plants when the seeds production is the final purpose. Thus the study of influence of nutrients doses is necessary for increase the productivity and to obtained seeds with superior quality. Two experiments were carried out to evaluate the influence of effect of doses of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the quality and seed production of koronivia grass. The experimental design used in the two experiments was a randomized blocks replicated with four repetitions. In the first experiment was used four nitrogen doses (0, 100, 200 and 400 Kg/ha) and four potassium doses (0,100, 200 and 400 Kg/ha) and in the second experiment was used three nitrogen doses (0, 100 and 200 Kg/ha) and three phosphorus doses (0, 50 and 75 Kg/ha). The seeds harvest was accomplished 24 days after beginning of the emergency of the flowers (from 5 to 10 flowers/m²). The seeds were counting and weighted. The results evidenced the effect (P <0,05) of the nitrogen fertilization in the production, in weight and in number, and quality of seeds, however the fertilizatin with phosporus and potassium didn't show any effects.

Os objetivos neste estudo foram avaliar a degradação ruminal in situ da matéria seca (MS) e da fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e estimar o consumo de matéria seca de genótipos de capim-elefante anão em diferentes intervalos de corte. Os tempos de incubação no ambiente ruminal foram 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 e 144 horas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com três repetições (animais), dois genótipos de capim-elefante anão (CNPGL 94-34-3, CNPGL 92-198-7) e a cultivar Mott, avaliados em intervalos de corte de 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 e 84 dias, em esquema em parcelas subdivididas. Os parâmetros de degradação da MS e FDN e suas degradabilidades potencial e efetiva não apresentaram grande variação entre a cultivar Mott e os genótipos CNPGL 94-34-3 e CNPGL 92-198-7, mas reduziram substancialmente com o aumento da maturidade da planta em todos os genótipos. As estimativas de consumo geradas por duas equações são adequadas a esses alimentos.

The objectives of this study were to assess the in situ rumen degradation of dry matter (DM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and the estimated DM intake of dwarf elephant grass genotypes in different cutting intervals. The incubation periods in the rumen environment were 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 and 144 hours. A randomized block design was used with three replications (animals), two dwarf elephant grass genotypes (CNPGL 94-34-3 and CNPGL 92-198-7) and the cv. Mott, with cutting intervals of 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days, in a split plot design. The parameters of DM and NDF degradation, and its potential and effective degradabilities did not vary greatly for cv. Mott and the CNPGL 94-34-3 and CNPGL 92-198-7 genotypes, but they decreased substantially with increased plant maturity for all the genotypes. Intake estimates generated by two equations are considered valid for these feeds.

Objetivou-se neste estudo determinar as frações de carboidratos e de compostos nitrogenados de genótipos de capim-elefante, em um único corte aos 56 dias de idade, na primavera. Avaliaram-se 12 genótipos de capim-elefante em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, no qual a parcela experimental foi composta de quatro linhas com 3 m de comprimento, espaçadas 1 m e adubadas com 100 kg de P2O5, 100 kg de N, 60 kg de K2O e 25 kg de micronutrientes/ha. As frações de carboidratos A + B1, B2 e C diferiram entre os genótipos. Os genótipos CNPGL 92-94-01, CNPGL 92-70-02, CNPGL 91-06-02, CNPGL 91-25-01, CNPGL 93-32-02 e Cameroon apresentaram os menores valores da fração C de carboidratos. Entre as frações nitrogenadas, apenas as frações B3 e C apresentaram diferenças. Os menores valores da fração C nitrogenada foram observados nos genótipos CNPGL 92-70-02, Napier, CNPGL 94-07-02 e CNPGL 91-25-01.

The objective of this study was to determine carbohydrates and nitrogen compounds fractions of genotypes of elephant grass in a single cut at 56 days of regrowth, in the spring season. Twelve elephant grass genotypes were evaluated in a in randomized block design with three replications, in which the experimental plot consisted of four lines with 3 m length, spaced 1 m and fertilized with 100 kg of P2O5, 100 kg of N, 60 kg K2O and 25 kg of micronutrients/ha. Carbohydrates fractions A + B1, B2 and C differed among genotypes. The genotypes CNPGL 92-94-01, 92-70-02 CNPGL, CNPGL 91-06-02, CNPGL 91-25-01, 93-32-02 CNPGL and Cameroon showed the lowest values of carbohydrates C fraction. Among the nitrogen compounds fractions, only B3 and C fractions showed differences. The lowest values of nitrogen compounds C fraction were observed in genotypes CNPGL 92-70-02, Napier, CNPGL CNPGL 94-07-02 and 91-25-01.

Doze genótipos de capim-elefante foram avaliados em um delineamento em blocos ao acaso com três repetições. A parcela experimental foi composta de quatro linhas com 3 m de comprimento, espaçadas a 1 m e adubadas com 100 kg de P2O5, 100 kg de N, 60 kg de K2O e 25 kg de micronutrientes/ha. Os genótipos diferiram significativamente quanto à altura da planta e à produção de MS, de PB e matéria seca digestível (MSD)/ha. Os genótipos CNPGL 92-94-01, CNPGL 92-79-02, CNPGL 91-06-02, CNPGL 94-07-02, CNPGL 94-09-01, BAG 66, CNPGL 93-32-02 e cv. Cameroon apresentaram os maiores rendimentos de MS, PB e MSD e não diferiram significativamente quanto à relação folha/colmo (F/C). A análise de Cluster sugeriu o agrupamento dos genótipos de maior produção de MS, PB e MSD e dos genótipos com menores produções de MS, PB e MSD.

Twelve elephant grass genotypes were evaluated in a randomized block design with three replications. Each experimental plot was formed by four lines with 3 m of length, spaced by 1 m and fertilized with 100 kg of P2O5, 100 kg of N, 60 kg of K2O and 25 kg of micronutrients/ha. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for forage plant height and dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and digestible dry matter (DDM) production/ha. The genotypes CNPGL 92-94-01, CNPGL 92-79-02, CNPGL 91-06-02, CNPGL 94-07-02, CNPGL 94-09-01, BAG 66, CNPGL 93-32-02 and cv. Cameroon presented the largest production of DM, CP, and DDM. There were no significant differences for DM concentration (DM) and leaf/stem ratio (L/S) among the evaluated genotypes. The cluster analyses suggested a group of elephantgrass genotypes with higher DM, CP, and DDM production/ha and other with lower DM, CP, and DDM.